This topic aims at:

1. Better understanding how the climate and biodiversity crises interact, how they reinforce each other and how they are best addressed together.
2. Building tools and designing solutions to break siloes and address multiple risks stemming from the climate and biodiversity crises in a systemic way, maximising the synergies and minimising the trade-offs between both crises.

To achieve those goals, proposals should address all of the following aspects:

• Investigate case studies on cascading, compound climate risks triggered by extreme weather and climate events, as well as slow onset event in relation to changes in biodiversity, ecosystem services, food security, natural resources and water systems.
• Investigate case studies on how biodiversity loss accelerates climate change or reduces resilience to climate change (by increasing vulnerability and exposure).
• identify co-benefits of the implementation of nature-based solution for adaptation to climate change and for biodiversity conservation and restoration.
• Identify and evaluate maladaptation actions or negative impacts of climate adaptation options on other aspects or sectors, particularly on biodiversity and, conversely, identify and evaluate how biodiversity restoration actions might negatively impact climate adaptation capacity.
• Look into how the combination of climate adaptation and biodiversity actions reinforce or weaken each other and how the combined effect of adaptation and biodiversity actions differs from the sum of individual actions.
• All of the above should lead to the identification of actions that simultaneously halt the loss of and restore biodiversity and enhance the resilience of societies and ecosystems in a changing climate. In other words, proposals should provide concrete policy recommendations (e.g., the field of land use, spatial and urban planning, etc.) that address the biodiversity and climate crises in a more systemic way and that minimise trade-offs between different risks.

To ensure that the knowledge produced by the projects useful to policymakers, proposals should present a credible plan to engage with public administrations at various levels, including regional/local authorities and to pass on the information to them.